Test Prep NCE - Questions & Answers

Piaget saw moral judgment broken into two age brackets: below and above age ten. Those under age ten tended to judge wrong-doings by the amount of damage caused rather than the intention behind the act.
Hence, even though the person in answer A had the best intentions, he broke more dishes and, therefore, is seen as more wrong. Since the person stealing only knocked over one cup, it is not viewed as bad as breaking five dishes.

Kohlberg's stages have three levels (pre-conventional, conventional and post-conventional) and six
1. obedience and punishment orientation
2. individualism and exchange
3. good interpersonal
4. maintaining the social order
5. social contract and individual rights
6. universal principles.

Teens require more sleep than the average adult due to their rapid growth. A teen's decreased sleep patterns do not generally stem from defiant behavior. Teens have biorhythm changes, making them more likely to stay up late and sleep later. They are inundated with academic and social demands which may impair the amount or quality of their sleep.

Perry believed college students go through 4 stages of mental and moral development: Dualism, Multiplicity, Relativism, and Commitment. Dualistic thinking occurs in Dualism when students believe every problem is solvable and they are to learn the right answers. Relativistic thinking is the belief that every issue must be evaluated because everything is contextual.

Vygotsky believed the potential for cognitive development depended upon the ZPD, which was a level of development attained when children engage in social interactions. When the social interaction is guided by an adult or collaborated with peers, the ZPD exceeds what one could achieve individually. Kohlberg is known for his work with moral development; Piaget is known for his theory of cognitive development in
children; and Erickson for his eight stages of psychosocial development.

Freud described the Oedipus Complex as a stage when a boy develops feelings of desire for his mother and has feelings of anger and jealousy toward his father. The Electra Complex is when a girl develops feelings of desire for her father and has feelings of anger and jealousy toward her mother.

In Kohlberg's third level, individuals do come to realize they are separate from their society, but this occurs in the 5th stage. Principled thought comes after moving through the 6th stage, which Kohlberg believed
few people actually reached.

Principled thought comes after moving through the 6th stage, which Kohlberg believed few people actually reached. Self-actualization is the highest level of development one can reach according to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

The Formal Operational stage is the last of Piaget's stages, beginning in early adolescence and lasting until adulthood, and is characterized by abstract concepts.

Piaget was a developmental theorist who believed all people went through the same four stages. The main goals of each stage follow: sensorimotor object permanence; preoperational symbolic thought; concrete
operational operational thought; and formal operational abstract concepts.